Cell-Penetrating Peptides— Uptake, Toxicity, and Applications
نویسندگان
چکیده
Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) mediate the uptake of interconnected cargoes of different types into cells and organisms. Studies in living cells revealed that high-molecular-weight cargoes linked to CPPs are delivered via endocytic routes whereas CPPs by themselves or fused to low-molecular-weight cargoes can in addition enter by a mechanism that does not require vesicle formation. This latter mode of uptake (transduction) allows access to all intracellular compartments. Three models for the mechanism of transduction are proposed. Most described CPPs experience enhanced uptake due to high-affinity interactions with membrane constituents, but the CPPs can be rather toxic. The subclass of arginine-rich peptides (RRPs), however, mediates high frequencies of transduction with low concomitant toxicity. Finally, selected examples of applications of CPP-mediated delivery of biological macromolecules in molecular medicine are presented. 114-ch14-struct 9/24/2009 10:19 PM Page 330
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